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“It is a new idea that optimal seed dispersal is not only about building the greatest pressure in the fruit,” said Dr. Angela Hay, a research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany. Hay has previously written aboutexplosive seed dispersalbut was not involved in the new research.
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“We’ve worked on some other projects together, and have a really good collaborative relationship,” Moulton told 【 - Free Stock Investment Discussion Area 】 in an email. “He shows me a plant that does something interesting, and then I try to use mathematics to understand some aspect.”
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“He bent down and gave one a squeeze, and you could hear a tiny little squirt, but we couldn’t see anything happen, it was too fast,” Moulton said. “So we took some fruits back to the lab, where we filmed the ejection with high speed cameras. It was amazing. We were hooked, and we wanted to understand it.”
High-speed videos of the cucumbers were just the beginning. The researchers used CT scans to study the internal arrangement of the seeds, tested the stiffness of plant parts and captured time-lapse videos in the days leading up to a seed launch to track physical changes in the stems and fruits. With mathematical models based on their data, the scientists created simulations of seeds taking flight and predicted where they would land.
“Our mathematical framework came from thinking about the physics of the process, both before and during the seed ejection, and included mathematical descriptions of both the fruit and the stem and how they interact,” Moulton said.
Days before a seed launch, a lot was going on inside the cucumbers, the researchers observed. As the fruits swelled with fluid, some of that fluid also flowed into the stem, thickening and stiffening it so that the dangling fruit lifted from a near-vertical hanging position to an angle of about 45 degrees. Squirting from this angle, rather than straight up, is a better strategy for the plant, enabling it to spit the seeds farther, according to the study.
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“It’s not enough to just fire your seeds far — you also want them well spread out if you want to increase the likelihood that some of them survive to make new plants,” Moulton said. “There is this whole orchestration of activity that contributes to where the seeds go. And since all of that detail lived in our mathematical model, we were able to show how fine tuned Ecballium is for successful dispersal.”
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“Many interesting traits are not found in model organisms,” she said. “This paper shows how we can learn from diversity.”
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“How many people have ever associated cucumbers with rapid motion?” he asked. “I was quite happy just to be able to uncover something about the mechanism of this fascinating little cucumber.”
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