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Initial research suggested potato-size nodules rich in metals, predominantly found 4,000 meters (13,100 feet) below the surface in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, released an electrical charge, splitting seawater into oxygen and hydrogen through electrolysis. The unprecedented natural phenomenon challenges the idea that oxygen can only be made from sunlight via photosynthesis.

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Uncovering dark oxygen revealed just how little is known about the deep ocean, and theClarion-Clipperton Zone, or CCZ, in particular. The region is being explored for the deep-sea mining of rare metals contained in the rock nodules. The latter are formed over millions of years, and the metals play a key role in new and green technologies.

“Our discovery of dark oxygen was a paradigm shift in our understanding of the deep sea and potentially life on Earth, but it threw up more questions than answers,” Sweetman, the leader of his institution’s seafloor ecology and biogeochemistry group, said in a news release. “This new research will enable us to probe some of these scientific questions.”

How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Free access to stock market forums, expert advice, and real-time data to help you stay informed and grow your investments. Sweetman said the initial goal of the new project was to determine whether dark oxygen production was replicated in other areas of the CCZ where the nodules can be found and then untangle exactly how the oxygen was being produced.

Understanding the phenomenon better could also help space scientists find life beyond Earth, he added.

Oxygen is hard to produce without the continuous energy that comes from sunlight, but other scientists have also encountered unexpected oxygen molecules in remote, light-deprived places. Sweetman said that dark oxygen production may be a wider phenomenon that has been overlooked.

Emil Ruff, a microbiologist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts,detected oxygen in freshwater samplesin Alberta tens to hundreds of meters beneath the Canadian prairie, a finding he and coauthors from the University of Calgary and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution reported in astudy published in June 2023. In some cases, the dark oxygen had been isolated from the atmosphere aboveground for more than 40,000 years.

If oxygen is not continuously being added to an environment (by trees and plants, for example), it would eventually disappear.

“After 40,000 years or 30,000 years (separated from surface processes), there’s no reason really to think that there should be any oxygen left. Because oxygen is such a yummy electron acceptor, it usually either chemically oxidizes or microbially oxidizes,” Ruff said. “So what was it doing there?”

How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Get precise stock market predictions and free access to real-time market data for efficient decision-making and portfolio growth. Similar to Sweetman, Ruff said he first thought atmospheric oxygen had contaminated his samples, which were drawn from 14 groundwater aquifers. Given the age of the samples, any oxygen would have reacted with other substances long ago and disappeared.

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How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Free real-time global stock trend updates to help you capture market movements and make better investment decisions. After patiently working in the lab and field, Ruff ultimately discovered that microbes in the water were producing oxygen. The microbes had apparently evolved an obscure but neat trick that allowed them to produce molecules in the absence of light.

How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Professional investment advice with real-time updates on stock indices and futures data. Stay ahead with expert predictions and market insights. Through a series of chemical reactions, the microbes were able to break down soluble compounds called nitrites, molecules made of one nitrogen and two oxygen atoms, to produce molecular oxygen in a process known as dismutation. The microbes also had the ability to use the oxygen to consume methane in the water for energy.

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“Nature keeps surprising us,” he said. “There are so many things that people have said, ‘Oh, this is impossible,’ and then later it turns out it’s not.”

How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Real-time global stock market trend analysis to help you identify profitable opportunities and improve your investment strategies. To investigate dark oxygen further, Ruff and his team traveled to a 3-kilometer-deep (9,500-foot-deep) mine in South Africa in August to sample water that had been trapped in the rock for 1.2 billion years.

How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Expert predictions on stock market movements with real-time data, ensuring you can make quick decisions and capture market opportunities. Scientists already knew the water in the mine contained oxygen molecules, but it’s unclear how they were formed. Ruff and his colleagues are still studying the samples they took, but they have two hypotheses as to how oxygen molecules might beproduced, he said.

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How is the market cap and valuation of Allcargo Logistics Limited (ALLCARGO) ✌️【Investment Risk】✌️ Professional stock market predictions and analysis with real-time data to guide your investment decisions and ensure steady growth. Sweetman said on Friday the new project would also seek to understand whether any micriobial reactions played a role in dark oxygen production on the seafloor. In particular, the project will look into howhydrogen is released during the production of oxygen by the metallic nodules and whether hydrogen was used as an energy source for communities of microbes detected in parts of the deep ocean.

“We don’t have the mechanism, I think, completely wrapped up yet and we’ll need a lot of time to figure that out,” he said.

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Officials at NASA are interested in the research on dark oxygen production because it could inform scientific understanding of how life might be sustained on other planets without direct sunlight, Sweetman said.

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Deep-sea mining companies are aiming to mine the cobalt, nickel, copper, lithium and manganese contained in the nodules for use in solar panels, electric car batteries and other green technology. Some companies have taken issue with Sweetman’s research.

Critics say deep-sea mining could irrevocably damage the pristine underwater environment and that it coulddisrupt the way carbon is storedin the ocean, contributing to the climate crisis.

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“Researchers are currently trying to replicate the phenomena reported by Sweetman and others,” she said. “Scientific research is a process and it may be some time before a conclusive answer is reached.”

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