Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free global stock market data to help you plan the best investment strategies and seize market opportunities. Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling - Free Real-Time Trading Opportunities ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Precise predictions of market trends with real-time stock indices and futures data to help you make wise investment decisions.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free global stock market data to help you plan the best investment strategies and seize market opportunities. Sign up for 【 - Free Real-Time Trading Opportunities 】’s Wonder Theory science newsletter.Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Professional analysis of stock market dynamics with real-time data for India stocks, US stocks, and European stocks to help you make precise decisions. The first controlled clinical trial recorded in the modern age, carried out in 1747 to test treatments for scurvy, may have drawn inspiration from the nephew of Sir Isaac Newton’s laboratory assistant, according to new research.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Real-time updates of global stock indices and futures trends to help you plan precise investments. Today,clinical trialsare an essential part of medical research that can lead to crucial advances, but this type of systematic study comparing treatments to assess which is most effective hasn’t always been standard scientific protocol.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Precise stock selection to help you successfully plan investment strategies for stable returns. Things changed whenRoyal Navy surgeon James Lindset out to see what could be used to treat scurvy, the scourge of sailors for thousands of years.
But a new analysis of an 18th century study by Francis Hauksbee the Younger just four years before Lind’s controlled trial suggests that Hauksbee laid out an approach to how one should execute a controlled trial. The design of his study likely sparked Lind’s pivotal research that identified oranges and lemons (and ultimately, vitamin C) as a cure for scurvy.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free real-time market data to help you quickly recover and avoid losses. The new paper, published January 7 inNotes and Records:The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, sheds light on early clinical trials that pushed for a more critical, open-minded approach to testing medicine, as well as how such trials have evolved over time.
“When one examines old medical books it is common to read claims from doctors that their own treatments can cure every disease under the sun and without any side effects, despite often using chemicals like mercury,” said lead study author Dr. Max Cooper, senior lecturer in primary care and public health at England’s Brighton and Sussex Medical School, in an email. “When stumbling upon Hauksbee’s writing, I was immediately struck by his scientific open mindedness in calling for evidence both ‘for and against’ his drug. To say that about one’s own medication was very unusual.”
Hauksbee isn’t a well-known figure from history, and even when he was alive, he was confused with his namesake and uncle, Francis Hauksbee the Elder, who served as an inventive lab assistant for Newton, the polymath and pioneering scientist, at the Royal Society, the United Kingdom’s national academy of sciences.
Hauksbee the Younger was an instrument maker and science lecturer who became the society’s housekeeper and clerk. And while he was never a physician himself, he created a new medicine for genital discharge, referred to in his study as venereal disease.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Real-time global stock, futures, and forex data to help you master market dynamics. The London medical community wouldn’t consider Hauksbee’s treatment, or support the prescription of his treatment, largely because he wasn’t a physician, Cooper said. Instead, Hauksbee was hit with allegations of “quackery.”
In the 18th century, for many physicians who typically formulated their own medicines, it would have been highly unusual to prescribe someone else’s treatment, Cooper said.
“Because patients were paying physicians directly for their services, treatment choice was (personalized) to the individual,” Cooper said in an email. “Professional reputation was key for sustaining physicians’ livelihood. In essence, money and reputation came ahead of making a fair comparison of different treatments.”
Hauksbee set out to compare different drug treatments for venereal disease, including his own medication, in a proposal he called “Experimentum Crucis,” which is Latin for “decisive experiment.” Hauksbee wrote that he himself had been inspired by the methods of English physicianJames Jurin, who in the 1720s published outcomes of inoculating people against smallpox, a precursor to smallpox vaccination.
Jurin compiled reports from those who were inoculated, then calculated the risk of dying from the practice, said Dr. Andrea Rusnock, a professor in the department of history at the University of Rhode Island. Rusnock was not involved in the new research. Jurin then compared the level of risk with the larger risk of dying from contracting actual smallpox and found that inoculation was safer.
Hauksbee laid out a practical 10-step approach to the research. The study proposal called for 12 patients. Half of the participants would receive Hauksbee’s medication, while the others would receive treatments from other doctors, Cooper said.
Hauksbee wanted to record the outcomes of the patients and have them independently assessed, and then share the findings for all 12 patients with the public. He also believed it was important to focus on a “lasting cure” by following the patients’ long-term clinical outcomes, Cooper said. Additionally, Hauksbee’s proposal considers the patients’ diets and accommodations throughout the study.
“The key similarity with modern drug trials lies in the fundamental importance of comparing one treatment against another,” Cooper said. “Before people like Hauksbee and Lind, most drug ‘trials’ simply involved giving the treatment to as many patients as possible and seeing what happened. The lesson of Hauksbee and Lind is the need for a comparison of treatments that is as fair as possible.”
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free real-time global stock indices and data to help you grasp stock market trends and achieve capital growth. There is no evidence to suggest that Hauksbee’s study ever took place, according to the new research.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Expert predictions with real-time stock indices, futures data, and metals, energy market data to help you seize the best investment opportunities. The London medical faculty had no interest in pursuing such a study from a nonphysician, and at the time, it was thought best that patients with venereal disease “should refrain from public inspection,” Cooper said.
But Hauksbee’s study proposal was published in 1743, and it happened to be on a topic of Lind’s interest: venereal disease. Lind wrote his doctor of medicine thesis in 1747 on the same topic, according to the new research. To do so, Lind must have read extensively on the subject, Cooper said.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Real-time global stock, futures, and forex data to help you quickly assess market trends and achieve stable returns. Then, Lind pursued histrial of scurvy treatments. On May 20, 1747, Lind assessed a dozen patients with scurvy aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Salisbury while at sea. All 12 patients were in the same part of the ship and shared a common diet. He divided the patients up into six pairs and gave each a different treatment to see if “cyder,” vinegar, seawater, oranges and lemons, or an electuary (a medicine mixed with honey or syrup) could be effective against scurvy.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free stock selection service with professional advisors offering the best investment portfolio for stable growth. After six days, Lind observed that the “most sudden and visible good effects were perceived from the use of the oranges and lemons.”
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Real-time global stock trend and futures data to help you plan investment strategies for long-term returns. Related article‘Bone biographies’ reveal what life was like for Black Death survivors in medieval England
Both Hauksbee’s and Lind’s studies included 12 participants and considered the patients’ diet and accommodation, Cooper said.
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Expert predictions of stock trends with real-time stock indices, futures, and metals, energy quotes to help you seize investment opportunities. Alisha Rankin, department chair and professor of history at Tufts University, believes the new study “adds to the substantial body of research conducted over the last decade revealing that healers were thinking about how to test drugs long before the modern period.” Rankin was not involved in the new study.
“What I found particularly interesting in this article was the convincing theory that Hauksbee’s trials served as a model for Lind,” said Rankin, author of “The Poison Trials: Wonder Drugs, Experiment, and the Battle for Authority in Renaissance Science.” “It shows that Lind’s experiments were part of a broader conversation about testing medicines at the time, and it adds to the evidence that practitioners derided as ‘quacks’ actually had an enormous role in shaping experimental thinking in (those times).”
Like other nonphysicians and unlicensed healers, Hauksbee was trying to provide proof to sell his medication.
“Hauksbee’s pamphlet followed close on the heels of Parliament’s investigation of Mrs. Joanna Stephens’ cure for bladder stones in 1738-9,” Rankin said in an email. “A Parliament-appointed committee oversaw a (nearly) year-long trial on four test subjects, ultimately deemed successful, which earned Mrs. Stephens a prize of £5,000! Hauksbee may have had reason to hope for greater support than he received. The examples of Stephens, Hauksbee, and Lind show an increasing interest in testing drugs for specific illnesses and conditions in the eighteenth century.”
“Today we know that to show clear benefits of one treatment over another, nearly all drug trials need to include many more than Hauksbee’s 12 participants,” Cooper said. “What is more, 18th century doctors attributed differences in the effects of treatments to patients’ ‘temperament’ (personality type) — rather than to the drug. That all leads me to think that the trial would not have shown a big difference between treatments or that the doctors involved would have fallen out over how to interpret small differences between outcomes.”
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Free stock data analysis to help you select stocks accurately and capture market trends. Related articleAncient DNA reveals possible cause of mysterious population collapse 5,000 years ago, scientists say
Historic trials like Hauksbee’s design differ significantly from random clinical trials today, where participants are assigned randomly to different conditions after they voluntarily agree, with informed consent, Rusnock said.
“In the eighteenth century, patients often did not have the choice to refuse participation or might not even know that they were in a trial,” she said. “While this trial was never conducted, it shows how the idea of comparing treatments in a methodical and documented manner was becoming more generally accepted.”
Cooper was inspired to conduct the research because Lind is a hero of his and considers Lind’s study to be a “quantum leap in medical research” — one likely spurred by ideas from Hauksbee and others. Understanding the foundations of clinical research can be a valuable teaching tool for the physicians of tomorrow, Cooper said.
“My inspiration for studying Hauksbee lies in a fascination with the history of medicine and a belief that medical students can learn from the clinical advances and errors made by doctors over the centuries,” Cooper said. “This is particularly true with regard to the history of the development of drug trials. I use examples like Hauksbee’s study proposal to help medical students understand the strengths and weaknesses of treatment trials.”
Why is Indo Farm Equipment Limited (INDOFARM) falling ✌️【Stock Strategy】✌️ Precise stock market trend predictions with free real-time quotes for India stocks, US stocks, and European stocks to help you seize the best investment timing.
