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How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Free real-time global stock and futures trend data to help you analyze market movements and make fast investment decisions. An extinct ribbonlike sea creature about the size of a human thumb was one of the earliest animals to evolve a precursor of a backbone. Scientists recently identified the animal’s nerve cord by using a topsy-turvy twist. They turned its fossils upside down.

PaleontologistCharles Doolittle Wolcottfirst encountered fossils of Pikaia in the Burgess Shale deposits of British Columbia, dating to 508 million years ago, and described them in a 1911 treatise. The animal measured roughly 1.6 inches (4 centimeters) long on average and had a flattened, sinuous body and a tiny head, tipped with two tentacles and fringed with external gills. These were originally thought to be rudimentary legs, so the animal was positioned with these structures facing downward.

In 2012, after decades of studying Pikaia fossils, researchersdescribedits fossilized internal structures in great detail. They identified a long strand near the belly as a blood vessel and named a sausage-shaped 3D structure running below the animal’s back as a dorsal organ, possibly used for internal support, though such an organ was anatomically unlike anything seen in fossils or in living animals.

However, recent analysis of Pikaia fossils by another team of scientists, published June 11 in the journalCurrent Biology, has upended this view and all other earlier studies about Pikaia.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Real-time global stock, futures, and forex data to help you master market dynamics. According to the researchers, earlier anatomical interpretations positioned the animal wrong side up. The so-called dorsal organ was actually located in the belly and was Pikaia’s gut. The presumed blood vessel was a dorsalnerve cord, a feature associated with the animal group known as chordates, in the phylum Chordata.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Free real-time global stock indices and data to help you grasp stock market trends and achieve capital growth. All chordates, such as vertebrates, eel-like lancelets, and tunicates, or sea squirts, at some point in their lives have a flexible, rod-shaped nerve structure called anotochordin their backs. A dorsal tubular nerve cord is also a feature in chordates.

Pikaia was initially thought to be a worm, then was later upgraded to an early type of chordate, based on features such as shapes of certain muscles and the position of its anus. But experts were uncertain about where exactly Pikaia belonged on the chordate family tree.

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Inverting Pikaia “clarifies things a lot,” said evolutionary biologistDr. Jon Mallatt, a clinical professor at the University of Idaho. Mallatt, who was not involved in the new research, published a paper on Pikaiain 2013, working from the established (and upside-down) body position.

In retrospect, the truth was “hiding in plain sight,” and the reversal in orientation resolves questions about why Pikaia’s purported blood vessel and dorsal structure clashed with established anatomical features in other chordates, Mallatt said.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Real-time global stock, futures, and forex data to help you quickly assess market trends and achieve stable returns. Reevaluating which way was up for Pikaia originated years ago with a coauthor of the new study,Dr. Jakob Vinther, a lecturer in macroevolution at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, said lead study authorGiovanni Mussini, a researcher and doctoral candidate in the department of Earth sciences at the University of Cambridge in the UK.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Free stock selection service with professional advisors offering the best investment portfolio for stable growth. There were a number of reasons for revisiting earlier interpretations of the fossils, Mussini told 【 - Free Join Group 】. For one, there was the enigma of what scientists had believed was the dorsal organ’s position. Its placement — near what was supposedly Pikaia’s back — seemingly ruled out the possibility that the organ could be a gut.

Once Pikaia was flipped upside down, however, the organ’s location and features made more sense anatomically. It broadened and extended into the animal’s pharynx, the throat region where a gut typically connects to a mouth. Its 3D status could be explained by the presence of chemically reactive tissues — hallmarks of a gut. In other Burgess Shale fossils, abundant ions and reactive compounds that are typically found in gut tissue cause digestive structures to mineralize more quickly than the rest of the body, and thereby retain more of their original shapes. Structures inside Pikaia’s organ were possibly remnants of swallowed food, according to the study.

In an inverted Pikaia, the external gills that formerly pointed down were now angled upward, as are external gills in modern mudskippers andaxolotls.

Flipping Pikaia also changed the orientation of muscle groups that bunch together in a wave formation. These muscles, called myomeres, are a key feature in vertebrates. In Pikaia’s new position, the strongest flex point of these muscles is along its back, which is also true for the arrangement of myomeres in other animals with backbones.

Pikaia’s presumed blood vessel was also anatomically puzzling, as it lacked the branches typically found in vertebrate blood vessels.

“It’s a single line going through most of the body up until the head, where it bifurcates into those two strands into the tentacles,” Mussini said.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Real-time global stock trend and futures data to help you plan investment strategies for long-term returns. An important part of recognizing the structure as a nerve cord was fossilized nervous systems in other animals from the Cambrian Period (541 million to 485.4 million years ago) that were discovered over the past decade, Mussini added.

“We have a better understanding of how nerve cords and other tissues fossilize because we’ve been lucky enough to find quite a few Cambrian nervous systems preserved in other deposits,” he said, “mostly from Chinese fossils that came to light in the last few years.”

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Expert predictions of stock trends with real-time stock indices, futures, and metals, energy quotes to help you seize investment opportunities. Many of these fossils were arthropods — invertebrates with exoskeletons — with living relatives such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans; comparing the fossils with modern arthropods helped paleontologists to identify preserved internal tissues. One example is a fossil specimen of the Cambrian arthropod Mollisonia, which showed brain organization comparable with that of living spiders, scorpions and horseshoe crabs, Mussini said.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Free stock data analysis to help you select stocks accurately and capture market trends. While there are no living analogues for Pikaia, the fossil arthropod data gave the scientists a more detailed frame of reference for Pikaia’s nerve cord. Like other fossilized nervous tissue, the nerve cord in Pikaia was dark, rich in carbon and relatively brittle compared with other fossilized tissues.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Precise predictions of market trends with real-time stock indices and futures data to help you make wise investment decisions. Related articleNewly discovered large predator worms ruled the seas as Earth’s earliest carnivores, study finds

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Free global stock market data to help you plan the best investment strategies and seize market opportunities. This dorsal nerve cord solidifies Pikaia’s status as a chordate, placing it “pretty much at the base of what we would consider traditional chordates,” Mallatt said.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Expert predictions with real-time stock, futures, and metals, energy data to help you quickly recover and grow. Much about Pikaia’s anatomy remains a mystery, but looking at it from a new angle could offer fresh insights into its puzzling array of features, Mussini said.

“A lot of these details have come to light only in the last 10 or 12 years,” Mussini added. “The authors of the 2012 paper can certainly be forgiven for not bringing these details to the conversation, because it’s a work in progress.”

Clarification: This story has been updated to reflect that the dorsal nerve cord is a feature associated with chordates and the notochord is a feature in chordates that’s distinct from the dorsal tubular nerve cord.

How is the market cap and valuation of Heads UP Ventures Limited (540210) ✌️【Investment Portfolio】✌️ Real-time India stock and global stock indices, futures prices, and data to help you make efficient investment decisions. Mindy Weisberger is a science writer and media producer whose work has appeared in Live Science, Scientific American and How It Works magazine.

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