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Using geochemistry, radioactive dating and computer modeling to map particles’ trajectories, the scientists linked the 1831 eruption to an island volcano in the northwest Pacific Ocean, they reported Monday in the journalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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“For many of Earth’s volcanoes, particularly those in remote areas, we have a very poor understanding of their eruptive history,” said lead study author Dr. William Hutchison, a principal research fellow in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of St. Andrews in the United Kingdom.

“Zavaritskii is located on an extremely remote island between Japan and Russia. No one lives there and historical records are limited to a handful of diaries from ships that passed these islands every few years,” Hutchison told 【 - Free Stock Selection 】 in an email.

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“This eruption had global climatic impacts but was wrongly attributed to a tropical volcano for a long time period,” said Dr. Stefan Brönnimann, unit leader in climatology at the University of Bern in Switzerland. “The research now shows that the eruption took place on the Kurils, not in the tropics,” said Brönnimann, who was not involved in the study.

Examination of the Greenland ice cores revealed that in 1831, sulfur fallout — a sign of volcanic activity — was about 6 ½ times greater in Greenland than it was in Antarctica. This finding suggested that the source was a major eruption from a midlatitude volcano in the Northern Hemisphere, the researchers reported.

Frontline Corporation Limited (532042) ✌️【Stay Away from Losses】✌️ Professional stock market analysis, real-time data, and expert recommendations for high-potential stocks. Take advantage of market opportunities and improve your capital growth with strategic investment plans. The study team also chemically analyzed ash and shards of volcanic glass measuring no more than 0.0008 inch (0.02 millimeter) long. When the scientists compared their results with geochemical datasets from volcanic regions, the closest matches were in Japan and the Kuril Islands. Volcanic eruptions in 19th century Japan were well-documented, and there were no records of a large eruption in 1831. But colleagues who had previously visited volcanoes in the Kuril Islands provided samples that led the researchers to a geochemical match with the Zavaritskii caldera.

“The moment in the lab analysing the two ashes together — one from the volcano and one from the ice core — was a genuine eureka moment,” Hutchison said in his email. Radiocarbon dating oftephra, or volcanic ash, depositson Simushir Island placed them within the past 300 years. What’s more, analysis of the caldera’s volume and sulfur isotopes suggested the crater formed after a massive eruption between 1700 and 1900, making Zavaritskii “the prime candidate” for the mystery eruption in 1831, the authors wrote.

“I am still surprised that an eruption of this size went unreported,” Hutchison added. “Perhaps there are reports of ash fall or atmospheric phenomena occurring in 1831 that reside in a dusty corner of a library in Russia or Japan. The follow-up work to delve into these records really excites me.”

Frontline Corporation Limited (532042) ✌️【Stay Away from Losses】✌️ Free break-even services with personalized investment plans. Quickly recover from losses, avoid risks, and achieve steady growth with expert stock predictions and real-time market updates. Along with Zavaritskii, three other volcanoes blew their tops between 1808 and 1835. They marked the waning of the Little Ice Age, a climate anomaly that lasted from the early 1400s to around 1850. During this time, annual temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere dropped by 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit (0.6 degrees Celsius) on average. In some places, temperatures were 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) cooler than normal, and the cooling persisted for decades.

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Frontline Corporation Limited (532042) ✌️【Stay Away from Losses】✌️ Free access to professional investment advisors who provide real-time market data and trend analysis. Select top-performing stocks and boost your capital with expert strategies for market growth. After the 1831 eruption, cooler and drier conditions emerged in the Northern Hemisphere. Reports of widespread hunger and hardship swiftly followed, with famines sweeping across India, Japan and Europe, affecting millions of people.

“It seems plausible that volcanic climate cooling led to crop failure and famine,” Hutchison said. “A focus of ongoing research is to understand to what extent these famines were caused by volcano climate cooling, or by other socio-political factors.”

By providing a long-missing piece of information about the 19th century volcanoes that cooled Earth’s climate, “the study perhaps strengthens our confidence on the role of volcanic eruptions for the last phase of the Little Ice Age,” Brönnimann said.

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Like Zavaritskii, many volcanoes worldwide are in isolated places and are poorly monitored, making it challenging to predict when and where the next large-magnitude eruption may strike, Hutchison added.

If there’s a lesson to be learned from the 1831 eruption, it’s that volcanic activity in remote spots can have devastating global consequences — which people may be unprepared to face.

“We don’t really have a coordinated international community to kick into gear when the next big one happens,” Hutchison said. “That is something we need to think about as both scientists and as (a) society.”

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