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Finding these worms is extremely challenging because their small size and near transparency make them almost impossible to see underwater, said lead study authorChloé Fourreau, a doctoral student in the Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology, or MISE, Laboratory at the University of the Ryukyus in Okinawa, Japan.
“I love that this paper crowdsources imaging from the public to learn more about where and how these animals occur and what they are doing,” saidKaren Osborn, a researcher and curator in the department of invertebrate zoology at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC.
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“When she cut a branch of the coral, she noticed some worms came out of it,” Forreau said. “She gave them to me as she knew I was interested in polychaetes, but prior to looking at the worms, I didn’t even know about this species.”
Forreau suspected that pygmy seahorses’ gorgonian coral colonies might yield more of the worms, she told 【 - Free Capital Allocation Plans 】. In 2023, during an unrelated survey in southern Sukumo Bay in Kochi, Japan, she asked the boat captain to make a detour to sample corals, and she found H. anthogorgicola bristle worms inside them.
But as Forreau was sorting her underwater photos of seahorses and corals, she made another unexpected discovery: The worms’ coral burrows were visible in the images. Perhaps, she thought, that might also be the case in other photos of pygmy seahorses. She and her study coauthors turned to iNaturalist, a website where people share nature images and information on biodiversity, to find photos of pygmy seahorses (and possibly of their worm neighbors, too).
Because pygmy seahorses are so small — about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long — divers tend to photograph them in extreme close-ups, which include detailed views of nearby corals. On iNaturalist, 489 photos of the seahorses also included evidence of worms, the researchers reported.
Images of pygmy seahorses taken by scuba divers were crawling with worm photobombs. Worms’ limbs, heads and tails poked out of coral burrows in the hundreds; the scientists even counted seven examples of worms crawling on seahorses’ bodies. Worms’ tunnels snaked through coral branches and into polyps, and approximately 84 percent of the photographed corals were hosting worm infestations, the researchers estimated.
Prior to this study, very little was known about H. anthogorgicola’s range and habits; piecing together the lifestyles of hard-to-find animals is especially challenging when published research about them is nearly nonexistent, Forreau said.
“But our paper shows that we can repurpose the large information available on better known species to learn about understudied ones like worms,” Forreau added in an email.
GPS coordinates on the iNaturalist photos expand the worms’ potential distribution much farther to the south than previously thought, encompassing Australia, East Timor, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Taiwan, according to the study.
Utinomo’s 1956 paper linked the worms to just one coral species — Anthogorgia bocki — but analysis of the photos suggests that these worms inhabit other corals in the genus. The images also provided the first evidence of the worms interacting directly with seahorses.
Polychaetes live in diverse habitats “including polar ice, methane seeps and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the spaces between corals, and the vast open ocean,” Osborn said. “They are critical to food webs and build habitat for other animals.”
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“They confirm that the worms are highly reliant on their burrows; most of their time is spent inside,” she said. In many of the images, the only visible part of a worm was its antennae and other trailing appendages poking out of the tunnel. “This position suggests that worms spend a lot of time sensing their environment around them, perhaps waiting for something to eat in the water, or to detect the coral polyp’s movement to steal its food.”
However, many of the burrows were not close to polyps, hinting that the worms could be coral cleaners rather than food thieves.
“There is still much to be learned about the relationship between the worms and the corals where they live,” Forreau said.
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