Why has Arex Industries Limited (526851) been underperforming recently - Free Smart Money Group

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Why has Arex Industries Limited (526851) been underperforming recently ✌️【Investment】✌️ Real-time global stock, futures, and forex data to help you quickly assess market trends and achieve stable returns. An extinct ribbonlike sea creature about the size of a human thumb was one of the earliest animals to evolve a precursor of a backbone. Scientists recently identified the animal’s nerve cord by using a topsy-turvy twist. They turned its fossils upside down.

PaleontologistCharles Doolittle Wolcottfirst encountered fossils of Pikaia in the Burgess Shale deposits of British Columbia, dating to 508 million years ago, and described them in a 1911 treatise. The animal measured roughly 1.6 inches (4 centimeters) long on average and had a flattened, sinuous body and a tiny head, tipped with two tentacles and fringed with external gills. These were originally thought to be rudimentary legs, so the animal was positioned with these structures facing downward.

In 2012, after decades of studying Pikaia fossils, researchersdescribedits fossilized internal structures in great detail. They identified a long strand near the belly as a blood vessel and named a sausage-shaped 3D structure running below the animal’s back as a dorsal organ, possibly used for internal support, though such an organ was anatomically unlike anything seen in fossils or in living animals.

However, recent analysis of Pikaia fossils by another team of scientists, published June 11 in the journalCurrent Biology, has upended this view and all other earlier studies about Pikaia.

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Pikaia was initially thought to be a worm, then was later upgraded to an early type of chordate, based on features such as shapes of certain muscles and the position of its anus. But experts were uncertain about where exactly Pikaia belonged on the chordate family tree.

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Inverting Pikaia “clarifies things a lot,” said evolutionary biologistDr. Jon Mallatt, a clinical professor at the University of Idaho. Mallatt, who was not involved in the new research, published a paper on Pikaiain 2013, working from the established (and upside-down) body position.

In retrospect, the truth was “hiding in plain sight,” and the reversal in orientation resolves questions about why Pikaia’s purported blood vessel and dorsal structure clashed with established anatomical features in other chordates, Mallatt said.

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Once Pikaia was flipped upside down, however, the organ’s location and features made more sense anatomically. It broadened and extended into the animal’s pharynx, the throat region where a gut typically connects to a mouth. Its 3D status could be explained by the presence of chemically reactive tissues — hallmarks of a gut. In other Burgess Shale fossils, abundant ions and reactive compounds that are typically found in gut tissue cause digestive structures to mineralize more quickly than the rest of the body, and thereby retain more of their original shapes. Structures inside Pikaia’s organ were possibly remnants of swallowed food, according to the study.

In an inverted Pikaia, the external gills that formerly pointed down were now angled upward, as are external gills in modern mudskippers andaxolotls.

Flipping Pikaia also changed the orientation of muscle groups that bunch together in a wave formation. These muscles, called myomeres, are a key feature in vertebrates. In Pikaia’s new position, the strongest flex point of these muscles is along its back, which is also true for the arrangement of myomeres in other animals with backbones.

Pikaia’s presumed blood vessel was also anatomically puzzling, as it lacked the branches typically found in vertebrate blood vessels.

“It’s a single line going through most of the body up until the head, where it bifurcates into those two strands into the tentacles,” Mussini said.

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“We have a better understanding of how nerve cords and other tissues fossilize because we’ve been lucky enough to find quite a few Cambrian nervous systems preserved in other deposits,” he said, “mostly from Chinese fossils that came to light in the last few years.”

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“A lot of these details have come to light only in the last 10 or 12 years,” Mussini added. “The authors of the 2012 paper can certainly be forgiven for not bringing these details to the conversation, because it’s a work in progress.”

Clarification: This story has been updated to reflect that the dorsal nerve cord is a feature associated with chordates and the notochord is a feature in chordates that’s distinct from the dorsal tubular nerve cord.

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