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Stocks to Buy in India s Future Economy High Return Investment Strategies ✌️【Long-Term Investment】✌️ Free access to real-time stock indices, futures data, and market predictions to help you select high-return stocks and build a profitable portfolio. Smallpox, the only human infectious disease to have been successfully eradicated, ailed people at least 1,000 years earlier than previously thought.

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“The 1400-year-old genetic information extracted from these skeletons is hugely significant because it teaches us about the evolutionary history of the variola virus that caused smallpox,” professor Eske Willerslev of the University of Cambridge, and director of the University of Copenhagen’s GeoGenetics Center, said in a release.

Prior to this study, the most ancient smallpox viral genomes sequenced were from 17th century Lithuanian mummifiedremains.

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“We already knew Vikings were moving around Europe and beyond, and we now know they had smallpox,” Willerslev said.

“People travelling around the world quickly spread Covid-19 and it is likely Vikings spread smallpox. Just back then, they travelled by ship rather than by plane,” he added.

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In this study, scientists were able to reconstruct four viral genomes from the samples, and found significant differences in the structure of these viruses compared to modern strains. The now-extinct viruses form a group, orclade, of their own.

“What is really exciting about this is that we can use these reconstructed genomes to trace the steps that these viruses, and other pathogens, took to become the disease that they became,” Martin Sikora, study co-author and professor at the Centre for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen, told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】.

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“Before the rise of sequencing there is a long historical record of disease outbreaks, some of which sound like smallpox,” Terry Jones, a co-author of the study and a computational biologist at the University of Cambridge and the Institute of Virology at Charité in Berlin, told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】.

In particular, Jones noted, diseases like chickenpox and measles are difficult to distinguish from smallpox, and before 900 AD there was little understanding of these differences, he argued.

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Based on that rate, Sikora explained, “one can assume that smallpox was already endemic across Europe at least by that time if not earlier.”

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“It is a clade that is ancestral, but it’s not the direct ancestor of variola,” Barbara Mühlemann told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】. She is the first author of the study and participated in the research during her PhD at the University of Cambridge. Mühlemann is now based at the Institute of Virology at Charité in Berlin.

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“They can’t be the direct ancestors in a straight line. They are more of a side branch,” Mühlemann added.

Viking Age viruses are extinct, but that doesn’t make them less compelling. Their patterns of gene inactivations, unlike those of any previously known smallpox viruses, offer a crucial takeaway.

“Now we know there are other combinations of genes that would result in a virus that would work in humans, that would be transmissible, and may have other properties,” Jones told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】.

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“Knowledge from the past can protect us in the present. When an animal or plant goes extinct, it isn’t coming back. But mutations can re-occur or revert and viruses can mutate or spill over from the animal reservoir so there will always be another zoonosis (disease caused by viruses that jumped from animal hosts into human hosts),” Jones said in a release.

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“Seeing as we know the other viruses were still around in the 20th century, they must have been around in the Viking Age in some form, presumably with more genes intact,” Jones told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】.

“But we can’t know in which host they existed. Most people would just assume they were in humans, but it might not be the case,” Jones added.

“We tried to be careful to say that these individuals have died of smallpox because we don’t know. There could have been trauma, murder; it could have been something else that we don’t know about,” Mühlemann told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】.

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“Virus genes are very very small, so there’s not much DNA unless there’s a lot of copies of that DNA present in the individual,” Sikora explained.

“I don’t think we would be able to pull it out of a mixture of DNA extracted from a tooth that has been buried 1000 years ago,” he added.

For one of the individuals, who was found in what is believed to be a massacre site in Oxford, England, with a stab wound in the back, scientists don’t believe smallpox would have been the cause of death.

Stocks to Buy in India s Future Economy High Return Investment Strategies ✌️【Long-Term Investment】✌️ Real-time global stock market trend analysis to help you identify profitable opportunities and improve your investment strategies. The study’s results left researchers hopeful for the future, and motivated to learn more about viral genomes.

“The last 40 to 50 years have been exceptionally quiet for us, because we’ve had such tremendous progress in medical research, the combination of vaccines and antibiotics,” Sikora said about the occurrence of viral pandemics.

“The eradication of smallpox gives us hope for the current situation,” Mühlemann told 【 - Free Top Growth Stock Recommendations 】, emphasizing how through vaccinations we were able to eradicate this deadly disease.

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