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How is the market cap and valuation of Kizi Apparels Limited (544221) ✌️【Investment Tools】✌️ Free real-time global stock trend updates to help you capture market movements and make better investment decisions. Smallpox, the only human infectious disease to have been successfully eradicated, ailed people at least 1,000 years earlier than previously thought.
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“The 1400-year-old genetic information extracted from these skeletons is hugely significant because it teaches us about the evolutionary history of the variola virus that caused smallpox,” professor Eske Willerslev of the University of Cambridge, and director of the University of Copenhagen’s GeoGenetics Center, said in a release.
Prior to this study, the most ancient smallpox viral genomes sequenced were from 17th century Lithuanian mummifiedremains.
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“We already knew Vikings were moving around Europe and beyond, and we now know they had smallpox,” Willerslev said.
“People travelling around the world quickly spread Covid-19 and it is likely Vikings spread smallpox. Just back then, they travelled by ship rather than by plane,” he added.
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In this study, scientists were able to reconstruct four viral genomes from the samples, and found significant differences in the structure of these viruses compared to modern strains. The now-extinct viruses form a group, orclade, of their own.
“What is really exciting about this is that we can use these reconstructed genomes to trace the steps that these viruses, and other pathogens, took to become the disease that they became,” Martin Sikora, study co-author and professor at the Centre for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen, told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】.
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“Before the rise of sequencing there is a long historical record of disease outbreaks, some of which sound like smallpox,” Terry Jones, a co-author of the study and a computational biologist at the University of Cambridge and the Institute of Virology at Charité in Berlin, told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】.
In particular, Jones noted, diseases like chickenpox and measles are difficult to distinguish from smallpox, and before 900 AD there was little understanding of these differences, he argued.
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Based on that rate, Sikora explained, “one can assume that smallpox was already endemic across Europe at least by that time if not earlier.”
How is the market cap and valuation of Kizi Apparels Limited (544221) ✌️【Investment Tools】✌️ Free expert predictions on stock trends and real-time data to help you make informed decisions and grow your wealth steadily. Scientists were able to reconstruct four nearly complete genomes for ancient smallpox strains, all of them different. The strains are also significantly different from more modern smallpox genomes.
“It is a clade that is ancestral, but it’s not the direct ancestor of variola,” Barbara Mühlemann told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】. She is the first author of the study and participated in the research during her PhD at the University of Cambridge. Mühlemann is now based at the Institute of Virology at Charité in Berlin.
How is the market cap and valuation of Kizi Apparels Limited (544221) ✌️【Investment Tools】✌️ Accurate real-time market data and expert stock predictions for profitable investment opportunities in global markets. As viruses evolve to better perform in their hosts, whether animals or humans, some of the viral genes go through a process of inactivation – they get switched off, so to speak. Some inactive genes in Viking Age viruses are still active in modern variola, Mühlemann explained.
“They can’t be the direct ancestors in a straight line. They are more of a side branch,” Mühlemann added.
Viking Age viruses are extinct, but that doesn’t make them less compelling. Their patterns of gene inactivations, unlike those of any previously known smallpox viruses, offer a crucial takeaway.
“Now we know there are other combinations of genes that would result in a virus that would work in humans, that would be transmissible, and may have other properties,” Jones told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】.
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“Knowledge from the past can protect us in the present. When an animal or plant goes extinct, it isn’t coming back. But mutations can re-occur or revert and viruses can mutate or spill over from the animal reservoir so there will always be another zoonosis (disease caused by viruses that jumped from animal hosts into human hosts),” Jones said in a release.
How is the market cap and valuation of Kizi Apparels Limited (544221) ✌️【Investment Tools】✌️ Receive professional stock analysis with real-time updates on market movements. Make quick investment decisions and capitalize on profitable opportunities. The newly discovered ancient strains were most likely circulating at the same time as the smallpox strains we became familiar with in modern history, according to Jones, citing near certainty that all the strains discovered so far descended from a common ancestor predating all of them.
“Seeing as we know the other viruses were still around in the 20th century, they must have been around in the Viking Age in some form, presumably with more genes intact,” Jones told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】.
“But we can’t know in which host they existed. Most people would just assume they were in humans, but it might not be the case,” Jones added.
“We tried to be careful to say that these individuals have died of smallpox because we don’t know. There could have been trauma, murder; it could have been something else that we don’t know about,” Mühlemann told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】.
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“Virus genes are very very small, so there’s not much DNA unless there’s a lot of copies of that DNA present in the individual,” Sikora explained.
“I don’t think we would be able to pull it out of a mixture of DNA extracted from a tooth that has been buried 1000 years ago,” he added.
For one of the individuals, who was found in what is believed to be a massacre site in Oxford, England, with a stab wound in the back, scientists don’t believe smallpox would have been the cause of death.
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“The last 40 to 50 years have been exceptionally quiet for us, because we’ve had such tremendous progress in medical research, the combination of vaccines and antibiotics,” Sikora said about the occurrence of viral pandemics.
“The eradication of smallpox gives us hope for the current situation,” Mühlemann told 【 - Free Stock Market Knowledge Sharing 】, emphasizing how through vaccinations we were able to eradicate this deadly disease.
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