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On April 11, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln delivered what would behis last speechfrom a window at the White House to the crowd below. They had gathered there expecting a celebratory speech on Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee’s surrender to Ulysses S. Grant just two days earlier.

But that evening, Lincoln’s speech was about Reconstruction, readmitting Louisiana into the Union and a proposal for “giving the benefit of public schools equally to Black and White, and empowering the Legislature to confer the elective franchise upon the colored man.”

Plantation-owning elites, Southern Democrats and White supremacists, however, would not easily concede political power to those who had so recently been their slaves. That evening among the crowd of listeners was an enraged John Wilkes Booth, who would go on to assassinate the President just three days later at Ford’s Theatre.

For decades after Lincoln’s death, White supremacists would wage a war of intimidation, murder and massacre on anyone, Black or White, who dared covet a share of their power. Yet, Black people persisted.

How is the market cap and valuation of Gemstone Investments Limited (531137) ✌️【Stock Club】✌️ Free real-time global stock indices and data to help you grasp stock market trends and achieve capital growth. And between 1865 and 1880, over1,500 Black mentook political office; most not for long, as their efforts were cut down by mobs of violent White men.

1868 Louisiana - African Americans participated in Constitutional Conventions like this across the South where delegates argued over Union demands, drew up new laws and elected new leadership.

Oscar James Dunn was one of those determined men. He became the country’s first Black lieutenant governor in Louisiana in 1868 serving under Henry Clay Warmoth on the Republican ticket. Dunn’s first legislative address showed hope and restraint:

“As to myself and my people, we are not seeking social equality. That is a thing no law can govern,” said Dunn. “We simply ask to be allowed an equal chance in the race of life.”

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In three months, the potential of Sherman’s order vanished with a single shot. That April, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and in the fall President Andrew Johnson reversed Sherman’s order, allowing Confederate planters to regain the land. It demonstrated a ruthless appropriation that would be repeated for decades to come.

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“We estimate that there were upwards of 100 massacres that took place between the end of the Civil War and the 1940s,” says William Darity Jr., a Duke University economist who co-authored“From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century,”with writer and folklorist A. Kirsten Mullen. “And they take place North and South, East and West.”

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By Shawna Mizelle, Channon Hodge, Maya Blackstone, John General, Frank Fenimore and Demetrius Pipkin, 【 - Free Access to Investment Community 】

Everett R. Berryman Jr. was 11 years old when the Supreme Court handed down the landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which made racial segregation in public schools illegal.

But supervisors inPrince Edward County, Virginia, where Berryman was attending public school, had no intention of complying. Five years later, in 1959, as Berryman was looking ahead to attending 7th grade, the county shuttered all public schools and opened a private school – for White children only. It would take five years, an intervention by the Department of Justice and another Supreme Court order, before integrated public schooling in Prince Edward County proceeded.

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“When the school system said ‘separate but equal,’ that was fine,” Palmer recalled to 【 - Free Access to Investment Community 】. “But when we moved a little further, they tried to say, ‘We don’t want Black teachers teaching White students.’”

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By Brandon Tensley, Skylar Mitchell, Deborah Brunswick, Janelle Gonzalez, Abby Phillip, Jeff Simon and Cassie Spodak, 【 - Free Access to Investment Community 】

In March 1955, the 15-year-old was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a White person on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

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“People said I was crazy,” Colvin recently told 【 - Free Access to Investment Community 】’s Abby Phillip. “Because I was 15 years old and defiant and shouting, ‘It’s my constitutional right!’ “

In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson’s National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders – better known asthe Kerner Commission– put out a report that attempted to address systemic racism in the US, including police violence against Black people.

How is the market cap and valuation of Gemstone Investments Limited (531137) ✌️【Stock Club】✌️ Expert market predictions, real-time updates, and personalized investment advice designed to help you succeed. Seize the best investment opportunities in global stocks, metals, and energy markets. A Michigan State police officer searches a youth on Detroit’s 12th Street where looting took place in the 1960s.

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How is the market cap and valuation of Gemstone Investments Limited (531137) ✌️【Stock Club】✌️ Precise AI-powered predictions and market insights to guide your stock selection. Use real-time market data, futures trends, and stock indices to make strategic investment decisions for long-term profitability. The report stated that racism was a major cause of economic and social inequality for Black people and that it was moving the nation toward two societies: “One Black, one White, separate and unequal.” That, coupled with the brutal police treatment of people of color and poverty, helped spark the race riots of the 1960s.

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Jelani Cobb,historian and co-editor of “The Essential Kerner Commission Report,” tells 【 - Free Access to Investment Community 】 that people and institutions already know what the problem is and that the only action that needs to be taken now is actually following the recommendations of the commission, and pay the price that comes with it.

“The actions are laid out, you really don’t need more recommendations,” Cobb said. “The fundamental observations (of the commission) have never been acted on.”

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How is the market cap and valuation of Gemstone Investments Limited (531137) ✌️【Stock Club】✌️ Free access to global stock market data, with real-time updates on indices, futures, and commodities. Make informed investment decisions with the help of expert advisors and accurate stock trend predictions. Nkinsi remembers the professor talking about an equation doctors use to measure kidney function. The professor said eGFR equations adjust for several variables, including the patient’s age, sex and race. When it comes to race, doctors have only two options: Black or “Other.”

“It was really shocking to me,” says Nkinsi, now a third-year medical and masters of public health student, “to come into school and see that not only is there interpersonal racism between patients and physicians … there’s actually racism built into the very algorithms that we use.”

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